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Simple definition and characteristics of plasma and Bose Einstein Condensate?

School just started for me, and I am taking Chemistry this year. Our homework was to find the 4th and 5th states of matter, along with definitions/characteristics for each. The two states are plasma and the Bose Einstein Condensate. However, whenever I open up a website to read about either one, I am bombarded with huge vocabulary and terminology. I was wondering if anyone could simply provide me with an easy definition and some characteristics of these two states of matter. I have already checked my textbook for the answers, but it does not have them.

The fourth phase of matter is plasma.

Plasma is ionized gas. You already know what a gas is but you might not know what ionized gas is I assume. Ionization is the process of removing or adding an electron to an atom to make it positively or negatively charged respectively (removing gives you positive charge and adding an electron gives you negative charge).

For example…the simplest element is hydrogen with chemical symbol H.

A single hydrogen atom consists of a proton as the nucleus and an electron circling the proton (like the Earth going around the Sun).

If you remove this electron, you are left with the proton and you give the hydrogen a positive charge of +1

If you add an electron, you will have a proton and two electrons and the hydrogen will have a negative charge of -1.

If the hydrogen atom has a +1 or -1 charge this is referred as a ion.
The process of making hydrogen gain or lose charge is called Ionization. So to summarize…

If you have hydrogen gas and you zap it with an electric charge then you will ionize it and this hydrogen gas will be a plasma.

The most distinct property of a plasma (like our Sun) is that because you have removed an electron from the hydrogen atom(it can be any atom but hydrogen is the simplest) then electrons and protons are free to move around wherever they want. This happens in the Sun as protons(Hydrogen plasma) smash into one another to form Helium and releasing huge amounts of energy in the form of heat and light which you feel.

The Bose-Einstein condensate is more difficult to explain without getting into detail but this is the simplest of all analogies that I can give you.

Make believe that a couple of you and your friends ( you are called Bosons) are in a hot room. You will all feel hot and try to stay away from one another and you will all be in a different state of hotness( you might feel ok while your other friend will sweat a little and your other friend is drenched in sweat).

You are in the lowest state because you don’t feel too hot.
Your friend who is sweating is in a higher state because he feels hotter.
Your other friend who is drenched in sweat is in the highest state because he is drenched in sweat and feels the highest degree of hotness.

Now imagine that the temperature begins to become lower and lower and lower and lower and lower. What’s going to happen?

Well first you will all being to get into a lower state meaning that you’ll feel cooler as the temperature goes down.

There will come a point when you’ll start rubbing your arms and shiver to keep warm.

Now when you get to the coldest state possible you and your friends will get bunch together and become one staying close to each other and attempting to stay as warm as possible through body heat.

You will all be in the same state, you will all bunch together and you will all be doing the same thing…namely staying together to stay warm.

In real life, there exists particles called Bosons and they behave the same way you do in that cold room. When the temperature get’s to be close to absolute zero Kelvin..as close as 0.0000001 K or -272.9999999 degrees Celsius then Boses form a condensate (a solid) where the Bosons exist in the same state.

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